Treason is the only crime specifically defined in the Constitution.
If you wage war against the United States, or help those who do, you can be charged with treason. To be convicted, two witnesses have to testify or you have to confess.
But that is just the law. The less formal view has been that traitors to America were pretty much the opposite of patriots. They were those who were against America and the ideals for which America stands. When I was a kid, Senator Joe McCarthy helped us out in identifying traitors:
Traitors are not gentlemen, my good friends. They don’t understand being treated like gentlemen.
Senator Joe McCarthy, March 17, 1954
The definition of treason had to do with defining the enemy of America. In those days it wasn’t hard.
The most easily defined enemy was seen as expansionist, with the ultimate goal of world domination. And so, secondary enemies were just as easy to define. The enemy of my enemy’s enemy was my enemy.
Communism was the enemy. Congressional investigators were the enemy of that enemy.
Those who objected to the tactics used by investigators were the enemy of the enemy’s enemy.
So, aside from not being gentlemen, traitors could be identified in other ways.
You are seeing today an all-out attempt to marshal the forces of the opposition, using not merely the Communists, but the fellow travelers, the deluded liberals, the eggheads, and some of my good friends on both the Democrat and Republican Party, who can become heroes overnight in the eyes of the left-wing press if they will join in the, join with the jackal pack.
Senator Joe McCarthy
So traitors included Communists, fellow travelers, liberals, and eggheads. Traitors were the enemies of patriots. Patriots like Joe McCarthy.
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